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In the second sentence of the first paragraph, the expression “willy-nilly” indicates that civilizations easily generate more complex communities.

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The spiritual armor mentioned in the first sentence of the text can be correctly understood as the condition of literacy, which characterizes the notion of civilization adopted by the author.

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One of the assumptions underlying the text is that there is a fundamental difference between two kinds of human groups: the literate and civilized, on one hand, and the illiterate and uncivilized, on the other.

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In the first sentence of the second paragraph, “woefully” and “transiently” modify two different actions.

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It is correct to conclude from the meanings and the grammatical structure of the second sentence of the text that contradictions are part of the “cleavages of needs and creeds”.