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“ESP draws on various disciplines, including education, linguistics, and communication, and emphasizes the importance of sociocultural competence—understanding how to use language appropriately within specific social and cultural contexts. Key methodologies in ESP include corpus linguistics, which utilizes large collections of texts to identify essential vocabulary and grammatical patterns relevant to specialized fields. Additionally, genre analysis helps learners recognize the structural elements of texts within their discourse communities, thereby aiding their ability to produce contextually appropriate written and spoken communication.


As globalization continues to increase the demand for specialized English training, ESP is evolving to address the unique linguistic needs of diverse professional environments, making it an increasingly popular and valuable area of study.”


Adapted from: https://www.ebsco.com/researchstarters/language- and-linguistics



In the fragment of the text “Additionally, genre analysis helps learners recognize the structural elements of texts”, the adverb ADDITIONALLY could be replaced, with no change in meaning, by:

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Consider the following statement taken from the text.


“However, the Education Ministry said it was not aware of any plans to test students” (paragraph 5).


This sentence could be rewritten, with no change in meaning, as:

"The new software implementation delayed our project timeline significantly. The team underestimated the complexity of integrating legacy systems."


Choose the appropriate conjunction to combine the statements into a single sentence that preserves the intended logical relationship:

When teachers focus on activities that guide learners toward identifying how texts are organized, especially regarding textual coherence and functional intent, they are engaging with higher-order reading instruction. In a reading comprehension task, if the teacher’s objective is to help learners identify how the writer organizes and signals meaning relationships within the text — for example, by recognizing connectives like however, therefore, or for example — the specific reading sub-skill which is being targeted is:
In academic discourse, cohesion plays a crucial role in structuring logical relationships between ideas, particularly in argumentative writing. Among the excerpts below one of them best demonstrates the use of concessive and referential cohesive devices that are typically employed to build contrast and support claims in argumentative texts.
The appropriate option is:
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