Questões de Concurso

    O sucesso da democracia nas sociedades industriais trouxe inegáveis benefícios a amplos setores antes excluídos da tomada de decisões; contudo, provocou também a perda de identidades grupais que tinham sido essenciais nos séculos anteriores. A consciência de pertencer a determinada comunidade camponesa, ou família tradicional e poderosa, ou confraria, ou cidade, ficou esmagada pelo conceito de cidadania que homogeneíza todos os indivíduos. Novos recortes surgiram – partido político, condição econômica, seita religiosa etc. – mas tão maleáveis e mutáveis que não substituíram todas as funções sociais e psicológicas do velho sentimento grupal. O futebol inseriu-se exatamente nessa brecha aberta pela industrialização ao destruir os paradigmas anteriores.

    O antropólogo inglês Desmond Morris vai mais adiante e propõe que se veja no mundo do futebol um mundo de tribos. Sem dúvida o sentimento tribal é muito forte, acompanha o indivíduo por toda vida e mesmo além dela. É o que mostra no Brasil a prática de alguns serem sepultados em caixão com o símbolo do clube na tampa. [...] A atuação do torcedor no rito do futebol não é em essência muito diferente da atitude das populações tribais que, por meio de pinturas corporais, cantos e gritos, participam no rito das danças guerreiras.

    Não é descabido, portanto, falar em tribo no futebol, porém não parece a melhor opção. Tribo é grupo étnico com certo caráter territorial, o que não se aplica ao futebol, cujos torcedores são de diferentes origens e estão espalhados por vários locais. Tribo é sociedade sem Estado, e o futebol moderno desenvolve-se obviamente nos quadros de Estados nacionais. Talvez seja preferível falar em clã. Deixando de lado o debate técnico sobre tal conceito, tomemos uma definição mínima: clã é um grupo que acredita descender de um ancestral comum, mais mítico que histórico, contudo vivo na memória coletiva. Ainda que todo clube de futebol tenha origem concreta e mais ou menos bem documentada, com o tempo ela tende a ganhar ares de lenda, que prevalece no conhecimento do torcedor comum sobre os dados históricos. É nessa lenda, enriquecida por feitos esportivos igualmente transformados em lenda, que todos os membros do clã orgulhosamente se reconhecem. [...] O clã tem base territorial, mas quando precisa mudar de espaço (jogar em outro estádio) não se descaracteriza. Em qualquer lugar, os membros do clã se reconhecem, dizia o grande sociólogo e antropólogo Marcel Mauss, pelo nome, brasão e totem.

(Hilário Franco Júnior. A dança dos deuses. São Paulo:
Companhia das Letras, 2007, p. 213-215)

Atenção: Considere o texto a seguir, para responder às questões de números 58 a 60.

Microsoft touts Windows 8's ability to detect, fix hard disk problems

The new operating system makes the process faster and less disruptive to the operation of the computer
By Juan Carlos Perez
May 10, 2012 04:46 PM ET

    IDG News Service − Microsoft has revamped the way Windows 8 monitors hard disk operations and detects problems in an effort to make the diagnostic and repair process less intrusive and disruptive, even as disk capacity continues to balloon.
    The improvements in Windows 8 center on the ChkDsk utility, which inspects the hard disk and checks for a variety of errors and problems. Until now, running ChkDsk has often been inconvenient ..58.. end users have to stop using the machine while the utility runs, and the scan can take a long time to complete.
    Microsoft also tweaked NTFS, the Windows OS file system. Until now, the NTFS "health model" conceived the machine's hard disk as a single unit that was either well or damaged, and which thus was taken completely offline and made unavailable to the end user while ChkDsk ran, sometimes for hours.
    "Downtime was directly proportional to the number of files in the volume," reads Microsoft's blog post late Wednesday authored by Kiran Bangalore, senior program manager of Windows Core Storage and File Systems.
    In Windows 8, however, the NTFS scans for problems in the background while the system remains online, and an initial attempt to fix problems on-the-fly is done.

(Adapted from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9227070/Microsoft_touts_Windows_8_s_ability_to_detect_fix_hard_disk_problems)

Atenção: Considere o texto a seguir, para responder às questões de números 58 a 60.

Microsoft touts Windows 8's ability to detect, fix hard disk problems

The new operating system makes the process faster and less disruptive to the operation of the computer
By Juan Carlos Perez
May 10, 2012 04:46 PM ET

    IDG News Service − Microsoft has revamped the way Windows 8 monitors hard disk operations and detects problems in an effort to make the diagnostic and repair process less intrusive and disruptive, even as disk capacity continues to balloon.
    The improvements in Windows 8 center on the ChkDsk utility, which inspects the hard disk and checks for a variety of errors and problems. Until now, running ChkDsk has often been inconvenient ..58.. end users have to stop using the machine while the utility runs, and the scan can take a long time to complete.
    Microsoft also tweaked NTFS, the Windows OS file system. Until now, the NTFS "health model" conceived the machine's hard disk as a single unit that was either well or damaged, and which thus was taken completely offline and made unavailable to the end user while ChkDsk ran, sometimes for hours.
    "Downtime was directly proportional to the number of files in the volume," reads Microsoft's blog post late Wednesday authored by Kiran Bangalore, senior program manager of Windows Core Storage and File Systems.
    In Windows 8, however, the NTFS scans for problems in the background while the system remains online, and an initial attempt to fix problems on-the-fly is done.

(Adapted from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9227070/Microsoft_touts_Windows_8_s_ability_to_detect_fix_hard_disk_problems)

Atenção: Considere o texto a seguir, para responder às questões de números 58 a 60.

Microsoft touts Windows 8's ability to detect, fix hard disk problems

The new operating system makes the process faster and less disruptive to the operation of the computer
By Juan Carlos Perez
May 10, 2012 04:46 PM ET

    IDG News Service − Microsoft has revamped the way Windows 8 monitors hard disk operations and detects problems in an effort to make the diagnostic and repair process less intrusive and disruptive, even as disk capacity continues to balloon.
    The improvements in Windows 8 center on the ChkDsk utility, which inspects the hard disk and checks for a variety of errors and problems. Until now, running ChkDsk has often been inconvenient ..58.. end users have to stop using the machine while the utility runs, and the scan can take a long time to complete.
    Microsoft also tweaked NTFS, the Windows OS file system. Until now, the NTFS "health model" conceived the machine's hard disk as a single unit that was either well or damaged, and which thus was taken completely offline and made unavailable to the end user while ChkDsk ran, sometimes for hours.
    "Downtime was directly proportional to the number of files in the volume," reads Microsoft's blog post late Wednesday authored by Kiran Bangalore, senior program manager of Windows Core Storage and File Systems.
    In Windows 8, however, the NTFS scans for problems in the background while the system remains online, and an initial attempt to fix problems on-the-fly is done.

(Adapted from http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9227070/Microsoft_touts_Windows_8_s_ability_to_detect_fix_hard_disk_problems)